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Forced circumcision
Forced circumcision refers to circumcision of males who have not given their consent to the procedure. In a biblical context the term is used especially in relation to Paul the Apostle and his polemics against the forced circumcision of gentile Christians.〔See, e.g., Dunn, ''Paul and the Mosaic Law'', p. 265; Tomson, "Transformations of Post-70 Judaism," p. 120.〕 The most common form of forced circumcision is performed widely in Israel and the United States, where it is known as neonatal circumcison. This form of circumcison involves the circumcison of a male newborn. Although their parents may consent to it, The males themselves do not, therefore making it forced. Among adults, forced circumcisions have occurred in a wide range of situations, most notably in the compulsory conversion of non-Muslims to Islam〔"Although the Qur'an speaks against forced conversion, such conversions of Christians and Jews took place under Muslim rule until the early decades of the twentieth century." Lerner, ''Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights'', p. 142.〕 and the forced circumcision of Teso, Turkana and Luo men in Kenya, as well as the abduction of South African teenage boys to so-called circumcision schools ("bush schools").〔On occurrences of forced circumcision in Kenya, see Glazier, ''Land and the Uses of Traditions'', p. 25; Wamwere, ''I Refuse to Die'', p. 149, passim; Karimi and Ochieng, ''The Kenyatta Succession'', p. 13; Rutten and Owuor, "Weapons of mass destruction"; Kagwanja, "Courting genocide." Regarding the situation in South Africa, see Ndangam, ''Lifting the Cloak'', pp. 211-213; Meintjies, ''Manhood at a Price''; Mayatula and Mavundla, "A review on male circumcision procedures"; Crowly and Kesner, "Ritual Circumcision."〕 In South Africa, custom allows uncircumcised Xhosa-speaking men past the age of circumcision (i.e., 25 years or older) to be overpowered by other men and forcibly circumcised.〔Funani, ''Circumcision among the Ama-Xhosa'', p. v.〕
== Historical lies about the subject ==
In medieval England and Europe, the growing persecution of Jews came to be accompanied by freely invented stories of forced circumcisions and even murders of Christian boys.〔See, e.g., Harding, ''England'', pp. 152-153; Lipman, ''The Jews of Medieval Norwich'', pp. 59-64; Hsia, ''Trent 1475'', pp. 57-60; Fabre-Vassas, ''The Singular Beast'', p. 132.〕 Similarly, there are examples from India that stories of forced circumcisions have been fabricated or exaggerated to incriminate Muslims.〔Thursby, ''Hindu-Muslim Relations'', p. 140.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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